水果和蔬菜的检测，分割和跟踪是精确农业的三个基本任务，实现了机器人的收获和产量估计。但是，现代算法是饥饿的数据，并非总是有可能收集足够的数据来运用最佳性能的监督方法。由于数据收集是一项昂贵且繁琐的任务，因此在农业中使用计算机视觉的能力通常是小企业无法实现的。在此背景下的先前工作之后，我们提出了一种初始弱监督的解决方案，以减少在精确农业应用程序中获得最新检测和细分所需的数据，在这里，我们在这里改进该系统并探索跟踪果实的问题果园。我们介绍了拉齐奥南部（意大利）葡萄的葡萄园案例，因为葡萄由于遮挡，颜色和一般照明条件而难以分割。当有一些可以用作源数据的初始标记数据（例如，葡萄酒葡萄数据）时，我们会考虑这种情况，但与目标数据有很大不同（例如表格葡萄数据）。为了改善目标数据的检测和分割，我们建议使用弱边界框标签训练分割算法，而对于跟踪，我们从运动算法中利用3D结构来生成来自已标记样品的新标签。最后，将两个系统组合成完整的半监督方法。与SOTA监督解决方案的比较表明，我们的方法如何能够训练以很少的标记图像和非常简单的标签来实现高性能的新型号。

本文介绍了深度学习体系结构的设计，这些设计允许对两个人行走的人之间存在的社会关系分为四个可能的类别 - 相交，夫妇，家庭或友谊。这些模型是使用神经网络或经常性神经网络开发的，以实现分类，并使用从人类在城市环境中执行伴奏过程的读数数据库进行培训和评估。最佳实现的模型在分类问题中实现了相对良好的准确性，其结果可部分增强先前研究的结果[1]。此外，提出的模型显示了提高其效率并将在真正的机器人中实施的未来潜力。

在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于手势的语言，以允许人类以自然的方式与机器人互动。我们已经使用神经网络和一个自定义的人类数据集创建了一个新的手势检测模型，该数据集执行一组身体手势来训练我们的网络。此外，我们将身体手势通信与其他沟通渠道进行比较，以确认将这些知识添加到机器人的重要性。在非训练志愿者的不同模拟和现实生活实验中，对所提出的方法进行了广泛的验证。这取得了显着的结果，并表明它是社会机器人应用程序（例如人类机器人协作或人类机器人互动）的宝贵框架。

我们从单一的图像处理多的人三维人体姿势和体形估计的问题。虽然这个问题可以通过应用单人对同一场景接近多次来解决，近期的作品都示出的建筑在深深的架构，同时推理通过强制执行，例如，深度为了所有的人都在现场以整体方式的优点限制或重建的机构之间相互渗透最小化。但是，现有的方法仍然无法捕捉所造成的内在的体规模和深度的模糊人的规模变化。在这项工作中，我们处理的，通过强制所有的人的脚留在地面制定是学习的适当机构的规模和相对相机姿态新颖的优化方案，这一挑战。在MuPoTS-3D和3DPW数据集进行彻底的评估表明，我们的做法是能够稳健地估计多的人的身体翻译和形状，而取回自己的空间布置，始终如一改善当前国家的最先进的，尤其是在场面与人非常不同的高度

Modelling and forecasting real-life human behaviour using online social media is an active endeavour of interest in politics, government, academia, and industry. Since its creation in 2006, Twitter has been proposed as a potential laboratory that could be used to gauge and predict social behaviour. During the last decade, the user base of Twitter has been growing and becoming more representative of the general population. Here we analyse this user base in the context of the 2021 Mexican Legislative Election. To do so, we use a dataset of 15 million election-related tweets in the six months preceding election day. We explore different election models that assign political preference to either the ruling parties or the opposition. We find that models using data with geographical attributes determine the results of the election with better precision and accuracy than conventional polling methods. These results demonstrate that analysis of public online data can outperform conventional polling methods, and that political analysis and general forecasting would likely benefit from incorporating such data in the immediate future. Moreover, the same Twitter dataset with geographical attributes is positively correlated with results from official census data on population and internet usage in Mexico. These findings suggest that we have reached a period in time when online activity, appropriately curated, can provide an accurate representation of offline behaviour.

In the last years, the number of IoT devices deployed has suffered an undoubted explosion, reaching the scale of billions. However, some new cybersecurity issues have appeared together with this development. Some of these issues are the deployment of unauthorized devices, malicious code modification, malware deployment, or vulnerability exploitation. This fact has motivated the requirement for new device identification mechanisms based on behavior monitoring. Besides, these solutions have recently leveraged Machine and Deep Learning techniques due to the advances in this field and the increase in processing capabilities. In contrast, attackers do not stay stalled and have developed adversarial attacks focused on context modification and ML/DL evaluation evasion applied to IoT device identification solutions. This work explores the performance of hardware behavior-based individual device identification, how it is affected by possible context- and ML/DL-focused attacks, and how its resilience can be improved using defense techniques. In this sense, it proposes an LSTM-CNN architecture based on hardware performance behavior for individual device identification. Then, previous techniques have been compared with the proposed architecture using a hardware performance dataset collected from 45 Raspberry Pi devices running identical software. The LSTM-CNN improves previous solutions achieving a +0.96 average F1-Score and 0.8 minimum TPR for all devices. Afterward, context- and ML/DL-focused adversarial attacks were applied against the previous model to test its robustness. A temperature-based context attack was not able to disrupt the identification. However, some ML/DL state-of-the-art evasion attacks were successful. Finally, adversarial training and model distillation defense techniques are selected to improve the model resilience to evasion attacks, without degrading its performance.

Cybercriminals are moving towards zero-day attacks affecting resource-constrained devices such as single-board computers (SBC). Assuming that perfect security is unrealistic, Moving Target Defense (MTD) is a promising approach to mitigate attacks by dynamically altering target attack surfaces. Still, selecting suitable MTD techniques for zero-day attacks is an open challenge. Reinforcement Learning (RL) could be an effective approach to optimize the MTD selection through trial and error, but the literature fails when i) evaluating the performance of RL and MTD solutions in real-world scenarios, ii) studying whether behavioral fingerprinting is suitable for representing SBC's states, and iii) calculating the consumption of resources in SBC. To improve these limitations, the work at hand proposes an online RL-based framework to learn the correct MTD mechanisms mitigating heterogeneous zero-day attacks in SBC. The framework considers behavioral fingerprinting to represent SBCs' states and RL to learn MTD techniques that mitigate each malicious state. It has been deployed on a real IoT crowdsensing scenario with a Raspberry Pi acting as a spectrum sensor. More in detail, the Raspberry Pi has been infected with different samples of command and control malware, rootkits, and ransomware to later select between four existing MTD techniques. A set of experiments demonstrated the suitability of the framework to learn proper MTD techniques mitigating all attacks (except a harmfulness rootkit) while consuming <1 MB of storage and utilizing <55% CPU and <80% RAM.

We present a Machine Learning (ML) study case to illustrate the challenges of clinical translation for a real-time AI-empowered echocardiography system with data of ICU patients in LMICs. Such ML case study includes data preparation, curation and labelling from 2D Ultrasound videos of 31 ICU patients in LMICs and model selection, validation and deployment of three thinner neural networks to classify apical four-chamber view. Results of the ML heuristics showed the promising implementation, validation and application of thinner networks to classify 4CV with limited datasets. We conclude this work mentioning the need for (a) datasets to improve diversity of demographics, diseases, and (b) the need of further investigations of thinner models to be run and implemented in low-cost hardware to be clinically translated in the ICU in LMICs. The code and other resources to reproduce this work are available at https://github.com/vital-ultrasound/ai-assisted-echocardiography-for-low-resource-countries.

Explainability is a vibrant research topic in the artificial intelligence community, with growing interest across methods and domains. Much has been written about the topic, yet explainability still lacks shared terminology and a framework capable of providing structural soundness to explanations. In our work, we address these issues by proposing a novel definition of explanation that is a synthesis of what can be found in the literature. We recognize that explanations are not atomic but the product of evidence stemming from the model and its input-output and the human interpretation of this evidence. Furthermore, we fit explanations into the properties of faithfulness (i.e., the explanation being a true description of the model's decision-making) and plausibility (i.e., how much the explanation looks convincing to the user). Using our proposed theoretical framework simplifies how these properties are ope rationalized and provide new insight into common explanation methods that we analyze as case studies.

We propose a learning-based methodology to reconstruct private information held by a population of interacting agents in order to predict an exact outcome of the underlying multi-agent interaction process, here identified as a stationary action profile. We envision a scenario where an external observer, endowed with a learning procedure, is allowed to make queries and observe the agents' reactions through private action-reaction mappings, whose collective fixed point corresponds to a stationary profile. By adopting a smart query process to iteratively collect sensible data and update parametric estimates, we establish sufficient conditions to assess the asymptotic properties of the proposed learning-based methodology so that, if convergence happens, it can only be towards a stationary action profile. This fact yields two main consequences: i) learning locally-exact surrogates of the action-reaction mappings allows the external observer to succeed in its prediction task, and ii) working with assumptions so general that a stationary profile is not even guaranteed to exist, the established sufficient conditions hence act also as certificates for the existence of such a desirable profile. Extensive numerical simulations involving typical competitive multi-agent control and decision making problems illustrate the practical effectiveness of the proposed learning-based approach.